![]() Starting in the 17th century, the Hoklo people who immigrated from Fujian to Taiwan took with them informal folk music as well as more ritualized instrumental and operatic forms taught in amateur clubs, such as beiguan and nanguan. When all six combine with the basic four, the whole ensemble is called a cha̍p-im or "ten sounds". The transverse flute called the pin xiao ( dizi in Mandarin) and the oboe-like aiya(噯仔) or xiao are sometimes added in outdoor or ceremonial performances. These are percussion instruments, the chime ( hiangzua), a combined chime and wood block called the giaolo, a pair of small bells ( xiangjin) and a four-bar xylophone, the xidei. These instruments are essential to the genre, while the ē-sì-kóan(下四管) or four lower instruments are not used in every piece. The siau, meanwhile, supplemented by the jī-hiân, puts "meat on the bones" with colourful counterpoints. The gî-pê provides a steady rhythmic skeleton, supported by the sam-hiân. Each of the four differs somewhat from the most usual modern form and so may be called the "nanguan pipa" etc. The other four, known as the téng-sì-kóan or four higher instruments, are the four-stringed lute ( gî-pê, or pipa 琵琶in Mandarin), a three-stringed, fretless, snakeskin-headed long-necked lute that is the ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, called the sam-hiân, ( sanxian三弦 in Mandarin), the vertical flute, ( siau ( 簫), also called tōng-siau), and a two-stringed "hard-bowed" instrument called the jī-hiân, slightly differing from the Cantonese erxian二弦. The pie ( muban ( 木板) or wooden clapper) is usually played by the singer. Most popular pieces today are in a fast common metre and last around five minutes.Ī nanguan ensemble usually consists of five instruments. It is lighter and less conservative in repertory and performance than chí. Khiok ( 曲) is a vocal repertory: two thousand pieces exist in manuscript.It is an instrumental style that uses a wider range than chí and that emphasises technical display. These are pieces that have no associated texts and are thus written down in gongchepu notation. (譜, pu in pinyin) literally means "notation", more formally as qingzou pu ("refined notation"), are typically performed by a 5-instrument ensemble. ![]() However, the song text significantly eases the memorising of the piece. Each is associated with a lyric that alludes to a story but, although this may denote origins in song or opera, today chí is an important and respected instrumental repertory. The Chí ( 指) is perceived as the most "serious" repertoire: it is a purely instrumental suite normally more than thirty minutes in length, of two to five sections usually, each section being known as a cu or dei ("piece"). ![]()
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